Social Service Designee / Activities Director
Chapter 2

Changes During Aging and The Disease Process

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Changes During Aging and the Disease Process

For: Social Service Designees and Activities Directors in Kansas

📘 Learning Objectives:

By the end of this module, students will be able to:

  • Understand common physiological and psychological changes associated with aging.

  • Identify the impact of chronic disease on the elderly population in long-term care.

  • Apply this understanding to improve person-centered care and resident engagement.

  • Recognize the role of the SSD and AD in supporting residents through the aging process and disease management.

📖 Reading: Understanding Aging and Disease in the Long-Term Care Setting

Aging is a natural, universal process marked by gradual physiological, cognitive, and emotional changes. As individuals age, they often experience a decline in physical capabilities, mental acuity, and adaptive capacity. In long-term care settings, Social Service Designees and Activities Directors must have a comprehensive understanding of these changes to best support residents' quality of life.

Physical Changes of Aging

  • Musculoskeletal: Bone density decreases, joints stiffen, and muscle mass reduces, increasing the risk of falls and mobility issues.

  • Cardiovascular: Blood vessels lose elasticity and the heart works harder to circulate blood. This can lead to high blood pressure and cardiovascular disease.

  • Neurological: Reaction time may slow, and memory may decline. However, this does not always mean dementia or Alzheimer’s is present.

  • Sensory: Vision and hearing may decline. Touch, taste, and smell may also diminish, affecting appetite and safety.

  • Integumentary (skin): Skin becomes thinner and more fragile, bruising and tearing more easily.

Psychosocial and Emotional Changes

  • Isolation: Many older adults face isolation due to loss of peers, reduced mobility, or relocation.

  • Depression and Anxiety: Chronic illness, loss of independence, and grief can contribute to mental health issues.

  • Cognitive Decline: Conditions like dementia or Alzheimer’s can affect memory, decision-making, and personality.

Common Chronic Conditions

Social Service Designees and Activities Directors must be aware of common diseases in elderly populations:

  • Alzheimer’s Disease/Dementia

  • Parkinson’s Disease

  • Arthritis

  • Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

  • Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)

  • Diabetes

  • Stroke

Each of these diseases may influence residents’ behavior, participation in activities, and overall mood. For instance, a resident with Parkinson’s may have tremors and rigidity, making fine motor activities difficult. Someone with COPD may tire easily during social events.

Functional Decline and Care Planning

Functional abilities often change as disease progresses. SSDs play a key role in assessing psychosocial needs and collaborating with interdisciplinary teams to adjust care plans. ADs are vital in creating inclusive, meaningful activities that accommodate residents' limitations while still fostering engagement and dignity.

Role of SSD and AD in Kansas

According to Kansas Administrative Regulations (K.A.R. 28-39-165 and 28-39-144):

  • SSDs are responsible for identifying and addressing psychosocial needs.

  • ADs are required to provide structured programs to support physical, mental, and social well-being.

Both roles must understand how aging and illness affect resident abilities, communication styles, and participation levels, allowing them to tailor interventions effectively.

✅ Key Concepts:

  • Physical, emotional, and cognitive changes are a normal part of aging.

  • Chronic illnesses can significantly alter how older adults interact and engage in care.

  • SSDs and ADs must continuously assess and adjust their approach based on residents’ changing needs.

  • Collaboration with healthcare staff ensures holistic and person-centered care.

📚 Source Material:

  • Kansas Department for Aging and Disability Services. (2023). Social Service Designee Guidelines.

  • Kansas Administrative Regulations: 28-39-144 and 28-39-165.

  • National Institute on Aging. (2022). Understanding the Health and Functioning of Older Adults.

  • Alzheimer’s Association. (2023). Dementia Care Best Practices in Long-Term Settings.

  • Mayo Clinic. (2022). Common Health Issues in Older Adults.